Despite India being the world’s third-largest startup hub, Pai cautioned that the country risks falling behind in global innovation unless these challenges are addressed.
“We have 1,65,000 registered startups, 22,000 are funded. They created USD 600 billion in value. We got 121 unicorns, maybe 250-300 soonicorns.
“The biggest issue for startups is the lack of adequate capital. For example, China invested USD 835 billion in startups and ventures between 2014 and 2024, US invested USD 2.32 trillion. We just put in USD 160 billion, out of which possibly 80 per cent came from overseas. So local capital is not coming in,” Pai said in an interview to PTI.
Pai pointed out that, unlike the US, where insurance companies and university endowments are major sources of startup funding, Indian endowments are prohibited from investing in startups by government policy, and insurance companies remain largely absent due to incomplete regulatory reforms.
He advocated for regulatory changes to allow insurance companies participate in fund-of-funds and called for greater flexibility in their investment structures. Pai also suggested expanding the government’s fund-of-funds programme from ₹10,000 crore to ₹50,000 crore.
He further noted that India’s pension funds, with a corpus of ₹40-45 lakh crore, are unable to invest in startups because of conservative approaches and restrictive regulations.
Pai stressed the importance of substantially increasing R&D funding in Indian universities and encouraged organisations like DRDO to make their technologies accessible to the private sector.
He observed that current R&D spending in public universities is significantly below international benchmarks and inadequate to drive meaningful innovation.
“We need to remove barriers for startups to sell business to the government and public sector units…even though the government has reformed it, it doesn’t work in actual practice. It must be opened up, and I think that has to be a mind shift.
“The problem in India is that all the big companies try to beat down the small startups and give them less money, and force them to sell the technologies and use them, and often don’t pay them on time.
“This culture of hurting the small people should change,” Pai said.
